Category Archives: Galileo’s World

Herschel 1876

Caroline Herschel, Memoir and Correspondence (London, 1876) The 19th century saw an unprecedented expansion of known objects in the universe. William and Caroline Herschel conducted a comprehensive search of northern skies with telescopes powerful enough to resolve many nebulae into … Continue reading →

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Kircher 1650

Athanasius Kircher, Musurgia universalis (Rome, 1650) This 17th-century treatise on music shows a mechanical, water-driven harpsichord. Water enters on the right side of the diagram, turning a gear mechanism that animates a cylinder roll and keyboard. Musical notation cut into … Continue reading →

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Kepler 1606

Johann Kepler, De stella nova in pede serpentarii (Prague, 1606) Kepler’s star map shows the constellations of Ophiuchus (the Serpent Handler), Sagittarius and Scorpius. The Milky Way runs diagonally down from the left, and the “ecliptic,” or annual path of … Continue reading →

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Vincenzo Galilei 1581

Vincenzo Galilei, Dialogo della Musica Antica et della Moderna (Florence, 1581) From childhood, Galileo’s world was shaped by music. His father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a prominent music theorist who contributed to the development of Italian opera. This book, Vincenzo’s major … Continue reading →

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Kepler 1596

Johann Kepler, Mysterium cosmographicum (Tübingen, 1596) By far the best known 16th-century defender of Copernicus was Johann Kepler. In this work he demonstrated that vast empty regions lying between the planetary spheres, which were required by Copernicus, were not wasted … Continue reading →

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Copernicus 1617

Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Amsterdam, 1617), 3d edition In De revolutionibus, Copernicus placed the Sun in the center of the universe and set the Earth in annual motion around the Sun. This is the 3d edition, printed in … Continue reading →

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Copernicus 1566

Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Basel, 1566), 2d ed. Copernicus argued that the Sun rather than the Earth lies in the center of the universe. The Earth moves as a planet around the Sun, carrying its Moon along as … Continue reading →

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Copernicus 1543

Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Nuremberg, 1543) Copernicus argued that the Sun rather than the Earth lies in the center of the universe. The Earth moves as a planet around the Sun. In 1543 little proof was available that … Continue reading →

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Complex Armillary Sphere replica

This replica combines two armillary spheres into one, containing models for both the Sun and the Moon.  The annual motion of the Sun along the “ecliptic,” its apparent path around the sky, is inclined to the Earth’s equator by 23.5°.  … Continue reading →

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Astrolabe replica

Brian Grieg (2014) The astrolabe, one of the fundamental instruments for observational astronomy, consists of three major parts: the mater, or underlying disk; the climate, a removable disk adjusted for latitude; and the rete, a ring marked with star positions. … Continue reading →

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